What is kernel?
What is file system?
what is mutiuser?
what is GUI?
Linux filesystem types?
what is fdisk?
what is shell in linux?
what is lilo?
What is Grub?
Where Is the Latest Kernel Version on the Internet?
What is FSCK?
what is partition?
What is a
boot loader?
What is PAM?
What is default shell in linux?
What is kernel?
The kernel is a program that constitutes the central core of a
computer operating system. It has complete control over
everything that occurs in the system.
A kernel can be contrasted with a shell (such as bash, csh or
ksh in Unix-like operating systems), which is the outermost part
of an operating system and a program that interacts with user
commands. The kernel itself does not interact directly with the
user, but rather interacts with the shell and other programs as
well as with the hardware devices on the system, including the
processor (also called the central processing unit or CPU),
memory and disk drives
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What is file system?
a file system (sometimes written filesystem) is the way in which
files are named and where they are placed logically for storage
and retrieval. The DOS, Windows, OS/2, Macintosh, and UNIX-based
operating systems all have file systems in which files are
placed somewhere in a hierarchical (tree) structure. A file is
placed in a directory (folder in Windows) or subdirectory at the
desired place in the tree structure.
File systems specify conventions for naming files. These
conventions include the maximum number of characters in a name,
which characters can be used, and, in some systems, how long the
file name suffix can be. A file system also includes a format
for specifying the path to a file through the structure of
directories.
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what is mutiuser?
computer systems that support two or more simultaneous users.
All mainframes and minicomputers are multi-user systems, but
most personal computers and workstations are not. Another term
for multi-user is time sharing.
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what is GUI?
A graphical user interface (GUI) is a human-computer interface
(i.e., a way for humans to interact with computers) that uses
windows, icons and menus and which can be manipulated by a mouse
(and often to a limited extent by a keyboard as well).
GUIs stand in sharp contrast to command line interfaces (CLIs),
which use only text and are accessed solely by a keyboard. The
most familiar example of a CLI to many people is MS-DOS. Another
example is Linux when it is used in console mode (i.e., the
entire screen shows text only).
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Linux filesystem types?
minix, ext, ext2, ext3, xia, msdos, umsdos, vfat, proc, nfs,
iso9660, hpfs, sysv, smb, ncpfs
For more detail about Filesystems click
here
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what is fdisk?
The program Microsoft operating systems MS-DOS and non-NT
versions of Windows use to create partitions on hard drives.
Technically, the program is called fdisk.exe. It uses a
text-based interface. Windows 95b first added support for FAT-32
partitions into fdisk. Before that it only supported partitions
up to 2 GB using FAT-16. This is also a slang term for wiping a
drive out completely, as in "I'm going to F-Disk this drive if
Windows crashes one more time!" There are several non-Microsoft
equivalents to fdisk, but all serve similar purposes--to allow
partitioning of hard disk drives.
For more details check fdisk
man
page
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what is shell in linux?
A shell is a program that provides the traditional, text-only
user interface for Unix-like operating systems. Its primary
function is to read commands that are typed into a console
(i.e., an all-text display mode) or terminal window (an all-text
window) in a GUI (graphical user interface) and then execute
(i.e., run) them.
The term shell derives its name from the fact that it is an
outer layer of an operating system. A shell is an interface
between the user and the internal parts of the operating system
(at the very core of which is the kernel).
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what is lilo?
Lilo means last in last out . LILO is a versatile boot loader
for Linux. It does not depend on a specific file system, can
boot Linux kernel images from floppy disks and hard disks, and
can even boot other operating systems. One of up to sixteen
differernt images can be selected at boot time. Various
parameters, such as the root device, can be set indepenantly for
each kernel. LILO can even be used as the master boot record.
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What is Grub?
Grand Unified Bootloader (GRUB)” .A small software utility that
loads and manages multiple operating systems (and their
variants).
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Where Is the Latest Kernel Version on
the Internet?
The easiest way to update your kernel is to get the update
directly from the distribution which you are running.
If you need or want to configure and compile
your own kernel, the web page at http://www.kernel.org/ lists
the current versions of the development and production kernels.
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What is FSCK?
fsck - check and repair a Linux file system.
fsck is used to check and optionally repair one or more Linux
file systems. filesys can be a device name (e.g. /dev/hdc1,
/dev/sdb2), a mount point (e.g. /, /usr, /home), or an ext2
label or UUID specifier (e.g.UUID=8868abf6-88c5-4a83-98b8-bfc24057f7bd
or LABEL=root). Normally, the fsck program will try to handle
filesystems on different physical disk drives in parallel to
reduce the total amount of time needed to check all of the
filesystems.
If no filesystems are
specified on the command line, and the -A option is not
specified, fsck will default to checking filesystems in /etc/fstab
serially. This is equivalent to the -As options.
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what is partition?
A partition is a section of a hard disk. When you format a hard
disk, you can usually choose the number of partitions you want.
The computer will recognize each partition as a separate disk,
and each will show up under "My Computer" (Windows) or on the
desktop (Macintosh).
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What is a boot loader?
Most simply, a boot loader loads the operating system. When your
machine loads its operating system, the BIOS reads the first 512
bytes of your bootable media (which is known as the master boot
record, or MBR). You can store the boot record of only one
operating system in a single MBR, so a problem becomes apparent
when you require multiple operating systems. Hence the need for
more flexible boot loaders.
The master boot record itself holds two things -- either some of
or all of the boot loader program and the partition table (which
holds information regarding how the rest of the media is split
up into partitions). When the BIOS loads, it looks for data
stored in the first sector of the hard drive, the MBR; using the
data stored in the MBR, the BIOS activates the boot loader.
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What is PAM?
(Pluggable Authentication Modules) A programming interface that
enables third-party security methods to be used in Unix. For
example, smart cards, Kerberos and RSA technologies can be
integrated with various Unix functions such as rlogin, telnet
and ftp.
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What is default shell
in linux?
Most of the Linux Distributions default shell is bash shell
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